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@JCongdon I was doing some research for another purpose and found these studies summarized on another blog by Zazie Todd and thought you might enjoy looking at them, too!
- There is a risk of an aggressive response with the use of confrontational methods (Herron, Shofer & Reisner, 2009). 31% of people who did an alpha roll, 39% who forced the dog to let go of something from their mouth, and 43% of people who hit or kicked the dog reported an aggressive response.
- If people use aversive training techniques, their dogs are 2.9 times more likely to be aggressive to a family member and 2.2 times more likely to be aggressive to a stranger outside the home than if the dog had been trained using reward-based methods (Casey et al 2014).
- Greater frequency of punishment is associated with an increased prevalence of aggression and excitability (Arhant et al 2010)
- Dogs trained to sit and walk on leash using leash jerks or tugs and pushing the dog into a sit position (negative reinforcement) showed more signs of stress (mouth-licking, yawning, and lowered body posture) than those taught with reward-based techniques. They also gazed less at their owner, suggesting the human-canine relationship is not as good (Deldalle and Gaunet, 2014).