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Thank you Catherine! Well stated! I believe my standard poodle would consider a front clip harness aversive – not the harness itself but the process of putting it on. She can’t stand putting it on. Runs away and treats do not work – no motivation. But yes – I was asking more about training methods that causes an animal pain and fear under the guise of “correct training.” My poodle was trained on an e collar as a young dog because I didn’t know any better. Now I personally see the negative ramifications of aversive methods with her reactive behaviors. While I can share my story, it’s nice to have scientific proof to back it up. Thank you for all of your input. Very helpful.